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All the latest pet health advice to keep your pet healthy and happy.

Expert Pet Advice

A quick guide to choosing the right food for your dog

Learn about age-appropriate nutrition for dogs, including dietary needs for puppies, adults and seniors

When it comes to choosing your dog’s food, you’ll need to think about health, age, size, breed and lots of other factors. As you’ll notice when you’re out shopping, there are lots of options out there when it comes to dog food!

This includes dedicated puppy food, food for dental disease, diet-formulated kibble and more.

We’ve put together a quick guide on choosing the right food for your pet’s nutritional requirements and life stage, so you can make sure your four-legged friend is eating the correct diet.

It’s really important to choose the right diet for your dog.

Keeping on top of pet nutrition is really important at any life stage. Feeding your dog the optimal diet for their age and any medical conditions can make a huge difference to quality of life and even life expectancy.

There are different nutritional guidelines for each of a dog’s individual life stages – from puppy right through to senior. Put simply, you shouldn’t be feeding the same food to both puppies and senior dogs. Just like with humans, different ages need different nutrients and food groups.

There are a few things you should generally look out for when you’re out shopping for pet food. Of course, depending on your dog’s health status (including allergies and intolerances etc.) you might need to look for or avoid specific ingredients.

The right food to suit your budget and your pet’s health

Guidelines for choosing between different types of dog food

Knowing how much to feed your dog is just as important as what you feed them. Again, every breed and life stage will have different requirements, and things like activity level and individual health conditions will play a part too.

As a rule of thumb, follow the guidelines on the packaging to figure out how much you should feed your dog. Particularly for growing pets or those undergoing weight loss, take note of the weight recommendations – you should be providing the suggested amounts for your dog’s target weight.

How much food should I feed my dog?

To make sure your dog is getting a well balanced diet, it’s a good idea to weigh out small meals and individual portions. This way you can be sure that your dog isn’t getting fed too much or too little. Of course, you’ll still be offering the occasional treat as well!

Generally, sticking to a feeding schedule and dividing the overall amount into about two to three smaller meals is recommended. Not only does this encourage regular and healthy digestion, but it can help to build a routine for you and your pet.

Providing a well balanced diet

For most breeds, puppies and younger dogs will need to be fed a specific diet to help them reach a healthy weight. Food for puppies is enriched with specific nutrients and often optimised for specific breeds. For example, if you have a toy breed or similar, try to look out for ‘small breed puppy’ options. Similarly, large breed puppies will benefit from a tailor-made food.Food that’s designed for younger dogs is tailored to their nutritional requirements. For example, too much of certain minerals (including calcium) can have an impact on bone growth and development.The breeder or kennel you got your puppy from may have started feeding a certain variety of food. It’s recommended to change to a complete puppy diet over the duration of a week if this is not what they are currently being fed.Puppies are best fed between three to four meals a day to begin with, to make sure they’ve got enough energy throughout the day. This can be reduced to two meals a day as your dog grows up. Of course, as your puppy gets older, the amount of food they need is going to change too. Make sure you’re feeding the right amount for your dog’s growth stage, and consider decreasing the number of times per day you feed them.

What to feed a puppy

Adult dogs will often have a wider variety of foods available to them, once they’ve grown out of the need for puppy-specific food. There are specific adult dog food varieties for different breeds, neutered dogs, and working dogs too. 

For generally healthy dogs, you should be able to follow the feeding instructions on the packaging of your chosen food. If your dog needs to eat fewer calories to lose weight, or has a medical concern, you might need to choose a particular food. The vet at your local clinic can help with canine nutrition recommendations.

What to feed an adult dog

When you should switch from puppy food

Once they’ve matured and grown out of that puppy stage, it’s time to start thinking about feeding your dog adult food. It’s important not to rush the move from puppy to adult dog food. Changing too quickly, or all at once, can cause a change in appetite or even slight stomach upsets. To try and reduce this, make the change gradually – though don’t worry too much if there is still a bit of a transition period.

Age-appropriate nutrition for dogs

From considering waste from pet food containers to eco-friendly pet healthcare, DIY pet toys to eco-friendly pet exercise

Read our guide to becoming a sustainable pet owner

Sustainability in the pet food industry is one of the biggest issues that comes with eco-friendly pet ownership. It probably won’t come as any surprise that reducing the waste associated with pet ownership is one of the most impactful changes you can make to reduce your pet’s environmental paw-print.Buying wet food in cans that can be easily recycled (rather than plastic pouches) can help. Half-used tins can be kept fresh with a reusable wet food can cover to avoid food wastage. If your pet has dry food, bulk buying pet food and aiming to use brands with recyclable packaging is another great option for improving your environmental footprint.

Recycling pet food containers

As with all forms of <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/sustainability">sustainability</a>, considering the waste pet ownership generates is really important. Wasting food is a large contributor to our pets’ environmental footprint, and often comes about as a result of overfeeding. Overfeeding your pet doesn’t only have a negative effect on the environment – it also impacts your pet’s health. Ensuring you follow the feeding guidelines on pet food packets and weigh out your pet’s food every day is an important step to help control pets’ waistlines and avoid excess food. If you’re not sure about the amount of food you should be feeding your pet, read more about pet nutrition, or have a chat with your vet.Pet plastic sustainability is another thing that’s important to think about. Choosing biodegradable cat litter and dog poo bags is an easy swap to help improve your eco-friendly pet owner credentials.

Reducing pet ownership waste

Keeping up to date with preventative pet care such as <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/news/best-flea-worm-treatments-cats-dogs">parasite control</a> and <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/services/neutering">neutering</a> can considerably reduce the potential carbon cost of treatment for vaccinatable or hormonally-induced diseases. Neutering pets also reduces the burden of overpopulation on the planet and can also improve the health and wellbeing of our pets. Using oral parasite prevention versus topical treatment (tablets rather than lotions, for example) where possible is also a good choice for the eco-friendly pet owner. There is some recent evidence suggesting that topical parasite treatment may be affecting wildlife in our waterways.

Eco-friendly pet healthcare

Recycling household items into safe, sustainable pet toys is another great eco-friendly pet care hack. An old t-shirt tied in a knot becomes a pull toy, while old toilet roll tubes double as puzzle feeders. Finding safe, pet-friendly swaps like this is a great way to make use of unwanted household items and make a positive change to pet plastic sustainability by cutting out new toys. Engaging toys like this are also fantastic ways to introduce canine enrichment and mental stimulation into your pet’s life.

Additionally, buying pet products and pet toys made from a sustainable source (e.g. made from hemp or bamboo) can be another way to reduce pet plastic waste. 

DIY pet toys

Animal Trust provides sustainable health care and free consultations as part of our not-for-profit practice. If you’re looking for more eco-friendly pet care options, or are interested in booking an appointment with our friendly team, please get in touch with your local Animal Trust surgery for a consultation.


This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

How do you become a sustainable pet owner

This guide covers health benefits of grooming, types of grooming, bathing and nail clipping  for your dog

A grooming guide for your dog

Every dog is unique – some love to play fetch, others just want to cuddle, some can’t wait to jump into the nearest water, while others prefer to curl up in the sun. Similarly, the amount you should groom your dog is unique to them. How often should you groom your dog? There’s no one-size-fits-all answer as different breeds have different needs, but here are our tips for a successful grooming routine, from the team at Animal Trust.

Dog grooming is the entire process of cleaning and improving dog’s hygiene and physical appearance. Grooming appointments most commonly include bathing, hair removal (cutting, shaving or trimming), nail clipping and general cleanliness.

Typically, the most common aspect of dog grooming is treating a dog’s coat. This can be to remove loose hair, care for curly and wavy coats, have dog hair trimmed, or generally tidy up a dog’s fur.

What is dog grooming?

Keeping your dog groomed doesn’t just mean they’ll be looking neat and tidy. Keeping up with a consistent grooming schedule can have lots of positive impacts on your pet’s health. Grooming can:<ul><li>Prevent ear mites/<a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/fleas-on-dogs">fleas</a></li><li>Remove dead skin</li><li>Prevent skin irritation</li><li>Ventilate the skin</li><li>Get rid of dead hairs</li><li>Promote a healthy coat</li></ul>

What are the health benefits of dog grooming?

To figure out your dog’s grooming needs, you’ll need to do a bit of research on their particular breed. The optimal grooming schedule can vary depending on things like coat length, fur texture, hair type and age.

If you’re not sure about the best schedule for grooming your dog, get in touch with a professional groomer for advice, or contact your vet at your nearest Animal Trust surgery.

How often does my dog need to be groomed?

Again, this will vary depending on your dog’s skin and fur condition. In general, dogs with a short smooth coat don’t need to be bathed any more than around every three months. Other breeds – such as silky coated dogs, pets who keep their hair longer or curly-haired breeds (for example poodle mixes) – may need extra grooming and more regular bathing of around every four to six weeks.

If they have healthy skin, it’s generally fine to give them a bath with dog-safe shampoo if they get particularly dirty or muddy. However, if your dog has a skin condition, it’s best to double-check with your vet before bathing them (or even before taking them to the professional groomers).

There are health benefits to not bathing your dog too often. For example, there are natural oils in a dog’s coat that keep it healthy, and anything more than occasional baths can cause dry skin.

How often should I bathe my dog?

Many dogs will find that their nails or claws wear down naturally (particularly if they walk on pavements or tarmac surfaces frequently). However, some breeds may still need them clipping or trimming – this is also the case for dogs with reduced mobility or particularly bowed legs.

Rather than using human nail clippers, if you’re going to trim your dog’s nails yourself it’s recommended to get specific pet-safe clippers. Having the right tools is an essential part of keeping your dog groomed!

How often should you groom your dog?

How to care for your pet during the winter

Keep your pet active and warm

During the winter months, as the temperature drops, it’s important to adjust how you care for your pet to help them stay warm and safe. Whether your pets are spending time indoors and outdoors, there are several ways to ensure your dog, cat or rabbit lives a healthy life, has plenty of playtime and exercise, and you’re prepared to adapt to the change in season.

In the colder months, your pet may seem less inclined to go outside – can you blame them? Like humans, our pets feel the cold, especially if they are short-haired dogs and have a thinner coat. On chilly days, while you may not be able to tempt your dog on a winter walk, providing a coat to layer up and stay warm can make a big difference when outside in the cold weather. If it has been wet outside, rub your dog down with a clean towel to remove excess water and moisture – it will make a big difference to help them warm up sooner, particularly with long-haired dogs.

Cats may prefer to stay indoors, especially at night. Provide plenty of enrichment such as toys and a scratching post to encourage them to move and stay active inside the home. If your cat loves the outdoors regardless of the change in season, place a shelter in the garden, lined with foil and a blanket so they have a warm, dry place to rest.

Small animals that live outside like rabbits and guinea pigs should be moved to a dry, draft-free area, like a shed or garage, or even bring them in the house. If they have to stay outdoors, place more blankets over their hutch to prevent them feeling chilly, and extra bedding to snuggle down for extra comfort.

Indoor animals like Hamsters should also be given extra bedding and kept away from drafts to prevent them from going into hibernation.

Walking your dog during the wintertime can mean you face a range of weather conditions, from rain, ice, snow and fog. Ensure your pet is visible on their walk and fit them with a reflective collar or one that lights up.

Once the clocks have moved forward an hour, the sun can start setting before 4pm. Don’t get caught out walking your pet in the dark, losing the daylight sooner than you expected and before you arrive home. Take a torch with you just in case, and always walk your dog with an up-to-date I.D tag, ensuring their microchip is registered with your latest contact details.

Keep your pet visible on walks

In cold, icy conditions, dogs can walk on gritted pavements and salted areas. This can get stuck between their paw pads and irritate the skin. Sharp salt and grit can cut them and cause bleeding, so check your dog’s paws and clean them to remove leftover grains. 

In particular, in wet winter conditions, snow and melting ice can get trapped in between their toes where trapped moisture can cause sores. Dry your dog’s feet to prevent this from happening and restore heat to prevent frostbite.

Check their paws after walking them

Most antifreeze products contain (ethylene glycol) which is extremely toxic to cats and dogs. Animals find the taste of de-icers sweet, which lures them into licking spillages on the road or in the garage. Sadly, the effects of antifreeze can be fatal to pets, as it can harm their kidneys.Symptoms of antifreeze poisoning include:<ul><li>Drinking more than usual</li><li>Pet seems lethargic and drunk low energy</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Seizures fits</li><li>Panting</li><li>Twitches</li><li>Spasms</li><li>Collapse</li></ul>If you notice your pet is experiencing any of these signs, visit your local vet immediately. Always check that the antifreeze container has been tightened securely and the bottle is kept in a cupboard and an area away from where your pet spends their time.Although it’s cold outside, being aware of accurate advice and care for your pet during the winter will ensure they enjoy time on their walks and stay healthy spending time outside. If you have any questions about winter pet care, please get in touch with your local Animal Trust vet.This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Antifreeze

A cat or dog allergy test can be very effective in identifying the underlying cause of allergy symptoms

A Guide to Pet Allergy Testing

Pet allergy testing helps to determine the particular substances (allergens) that cause allergic reactions in your animal. Allergy testing works by assessing your pet’s immune response to common environmental allergens for dogs and cats, including pollens, grasses, dust mites, mould spores, mite and flea bites, cat or other pet dander (dead skin cells) and food. 

What is a pet allergy test?

If you’re worried that your cat or dog may be suffering from an allergy, it’s a good idea to head to your vet to complete a pet allergy test kit. Common allergy symptoms in pets may include:<ul><li>Excessive itching and scratching of the skin</li><li>Skin rashes (especially on the feet, ears, bottom, belly, and face)</li><li>Patches of fur loss</li><li>Licking or biting a particular area for long periods (saliva can cause brown staining on the fur)</li><li>Itchy eyes</li><li>Runny nose</li><li>Mood changes</li><li>Scabby or sore skin</li></ul>A cat or dog allergy test can be very effective in identifying the underlying cause of allergy symptoms and helping to diagnose atopic dermatitis (a skin condition typically caused by inhalation of pollen, mould spores, dust and other allergens) but is less reliable for food allergies.Allergy testing is carried out mainly in patients with atopic dermatitis to decide which specific pet allergens to include in immunotherapy. Before a diagnosis of atopy can be made, things like parasites, skin infection and other potential causes of itching and inflammation symptoms must be ruled out.The most common allergy in pets is a <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/news/best-flea-worm-treatments-cats-dogs">flea</a> allergy. Many atopic pets may suffer from a combination of flea, environmental and food allergies.

Does my pet need an allergy test?

### Serological (blood) testing

This involves testing the blood, looking for allergen–specific antibodies (IgE) which react to a number of common allergens, expected to contribute to atopic dermatitis. This is a convenient, simple pet allergy test that can lead to good results in some cases. However, it is not considered to be as accurate as intradermal skin testing. 



### Intradermal skin testing (IDST)

This is considered the gold standard of pet allergy testing amongst veterinary dermatologists. The test involves clipping the hair on the side of your pet’s chest and giving multiple (40-60) small allergen injections into the skin. If your pet reacts to an allergen, a hive will develop at the injection site. Pets will usually need to be sedated for intradermal skin testing. 

How does a pet allergy test work?

As a rule, a good approach to treating pets with allergies includes:

<ul>
 <li>Regular treatment with a parasite control medicine</li>
 <li>Following a special hypoallergenic diet</li>
 <li>Allergy testing</li>
 <li>Avoidance (where possible) of allergens – such as particular plants or chemicals</li>
 <li>Treatment – e.g., immunotherapy or medication to control symptoms</li>
</ul>


As part of testing for an allergy, your vet will likely suggest carrying out an elimination diet for your pet. This will involve feeding your pet an alternative diet (usually called a hydrolysed protein diet), which cuts out likely allergens. Then, after the dietary exclusion period, you’ll start reintroducing ‘normal’ foods – it should be obvious from these test results which (if any) foods trigger allergic reactions in your pet.

Please note that while simply avoiding known allergens may help to reduce symptoms, it’s often unlikely to completely resolve them. Therefore, an additional form of treatment (e.g. medication) is usually required too.

Once you’ve identified the cause of the allergy symptoms, you may be able to make some changes to try and cause a significant improvement in your pet’s comfort. For example, if allergens like dander or dust are identified, you may be able to clean your cat’s litter box or the dog basket more regularly to help. Additionally, switching food to help your dog’s diet can sometimes ease symptoms, but make sure you check with your vet first.

How to help pets with allergies

### Intradermal Skin Testing

Some pet allergy cases may need to be referred to a specialist dermatologist for an intradermal skin test. The costs for this will be significantly higher, usually requiring a consultation prior to testing. During your consultation, you’ll be given a detailed estimate of the cost. This will vary depending on the size of your pet and whether sedation is required.  


### Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy involves regular injections of a very low dose of the allergens to desensitise your pet to the things they’re having an allergic response to. This will be a long-term requirement, often taking 6-12 months to see a positive effect. Pets often need to stay on medication during this time to control any symptoms of their allergy. Many pets (approximately 70%) respond favourably to treatment. Immunotherapy costs in the region of £150-180 per vial, depending on the number of allergens included in the treatment. A vial will typically last for around 6 months. 

How much does a pet allergy test cost?

Pet insurance may help to pay for allergy testing if it’s recommended by your vet as the best treatment (for example if your pet is suffering from itchy skin). However, all policies vary in what they cover and what exclusions are in place. We recommend checking your policy and speaking with your insurance company to check you are covered before proceeding with the tests.This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Does pet insurance cover cat and dog allergy testing?

Pet Allergy Testing

Feeding Your Rabbit the Right Diet

A Guide to What to Feed Your Rabbit

Rabbits love food and tend to graze throughout the day to sustain their appetite; getting the right balance for your pet’s diet is important so they can maintain a healthy lifestyle. Feeding your pet the right diet is essential to keeping your rabbit healthy.

The bulk of a rabbit’s natural diet should consist of good quality hay or grass (but not fresh lawn clippings as they can ferment quickly) measured to the equivalent of their body size. Fresh hay is an essential part of a rabbit’s diet, and you need to provide a constant supply of enough hay for your rabbit to graze on. Chewing hay is good for a rabbit’s teeth, which keep growing throughout their life and need to be worn down naturally.

Typically we recommend a bundle of fresh hay at least the size of the rabbit. This type of food helps to maintain your rabbit’s general health, with hay providing support to wear your pet’s teeth down as they continuously grow, and to give them the right amount of fibre required for their digestive health.

There are a number of different varieties of hay available, and the right choice will depend on your rabbit’s age, health and size. For example, alfalfa hay can be a good choice for younger rabbits, but shouldn’t be fed to adult rabbits due to its high calcium and carbohydrate content.

How much does a rabbit eat?

Once your rabbit has been provided with the bulk of their diet (hay), choose from a range of fresh greens from the list of vegetables below. It’s important to provide your pet with a wide variety of safe greens to make sure they have a balanced diet.Your rabbit’s diet should include a variety, not just one or two types, of the following greens:<ul><li>Asparagus</li><li>Bok-Choy</li><li>Brussel-Sprouts</li><li>Broccoli-leaves</li><li>Coriander</li><li>Courgette</li><li>Cucumber</li><li>Lettuce-Romaine-or-dark-leaf</li><li>Mustard-Greens</li><li>Parsnip</li><li>Radish</li><li>Red-Cabbage</li><li>Romaine-Lettuce</li><li>Rocket</li><li>Salad-Peppers</li><li>Turnips</li></ul><ul><li>Celery</li><li>Collard-Greens</li><li>Cauliflower-leaves-and-stalks</li><li>Chicory</li><li>Spinach</li><li>Watercress</li><li>Basil</li><li>Coriander</li><li>Dill</li><li>Mint</li><li>Parsley</li><li>Oregano</li><li>Rosemary</li><li>Sage</li><li>Thyme </li></ul>This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

The best foods for a rabbit

What can rabbits eat?

Caring for a Cat in Heat

A Guide to What to Do When Your Cat Is in Heat

The phrase 'like a cat in heat' gets thrown around a lot, but often not about our feline friends at all! If you’ve got a female cat, you’ll have to deal with her heat cycle.

How to tell if your cat is in heat

<ul class="ps-6 list-disc">
 <li>Wailing, yowling, meowing or moaning more than usual (known as calling)</li>
 <li>Restlessness</li>
 <li>Arched back</li>
 <li>General discomfort, or being a bit under the weather</li>
 <li>Low crawling, or moving her tail to the side</li>
 <li>Excessive grooming/licking</li>
 <li>More affectionate than usual – rubbing on furniture and even your ankles</li>
</ul>

A common question we’re asked is “does a cat in heat bleed?”. The answer is no – unlike with a dog’s heat cycle, cats in heat don’t bleed. If you do notice blood around your cat’s genitals or in their urine, it could be a sign of urinary tract infection or other condition, so you should call your vet straight away. Another question lots of feline owners ask is “does a cat in heat feel pain?” Though cats may seem uncomfortable and irritated while they’re in heat, it isn’t usually painful; if you think your cat is in pain, it may be an idea to have them checked out by your vet.

How long a cat is in heat can vary, but generally lasts on average around six to seven days. If the cat is bred or mated during the season, the heat cycle doesn’t usually last longer than a few days. However, if the cat goes unmated, the heat cycle can last for up to approximately 10 days and reoccurs in intervals of around two to three weeks. Unbred female cats can come into heat (cycle) every few weeks for an indefinite period during the season.

Cats go into heat seasonally, which is known as being ‘seasonally polyestrous’. They have several cycles within each breeding season, which are dictated by environmental factors including daylight and temperature. In the UK, cats generally come into season around the beginning of spring, and continue until late autumn – cats that live in warmer climates (or sometimes indoor cats) may be prone to come into heat all year round.

How long are cats in heat?

Naturally, first-time cat owners will have lots of questions about how to care for a cat in heat. What to do, things to buy, and how to help are all common questions. Your cat will feel uncomfortable, out of sorts and generally under the weather – and will be especially confused if it’s her first season.

<ul class="list-disc ps-6">
 <li>Try to keep your cat as distracted as possible, using games and new toys – a treat-filled toy is a great distraction.</li>
 <li>Make sure her litter box is clean.</li>
 <li>Have blankets, heat packs, or a warmed towel nearby for comfort.</li>
 <li>Keep your cat indoors, and away from other (male) cats.</li>
 <li>Give her lots of attention by playing games.</li>
</ul>

Caring for a cat in heat

Cats are at their most fertile during their heat cycle, so your feline friend will likely be on the lookout for a mate during this time. Equally, male cats will come looking for her, attracted by her scent, so it’s important to make sure any cat flaps are kept closed, and doors aren’t left ajar where possible. 

Unless you’re sure you want your cat bred to have kittens, it’s a good idea to think about getting her neutered as soon as possible.

Preventing pregnancy for a cat in heat

It’s usually recommended that cats are spayed or neutered around 4-6 months old – just after they’ve had their main vaccinations. However, it’s perfectly fine to spay older cats, and some vets may recommend waiting a few months longer before completing the procedure. Of course, if you’re sure you don’t want your cat to have kittens, it’s important to have her spayed as soon as possible to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Neutering also prevents womb infections and reduces the risk of mammary tumours – ask your vet for advice if you’re not sure whether to have your cat spayed.This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

What age to spay a cat

What to Do When Your Cat Is in Heat

How to settle in your new puppy

Pet Advice

Your puppy has just left their mother and littermates to come to an unfamiliar place alone. It is common for a puppy to take a few days to accept this as their new normal and start to come out of their shell. Provide them with a safe place to hide if they feel overwhelmed. This can be a crate or a little den with a cosy blanket and toy. Allowing them quiet time to adjust and learn to come to you for affection, treats, and play will help them to trust you.

#### How to keep your puppy calm and reduce stress

Plug-in pheromone/oil diffusers such as Pet Remedy or Adaptil can help reduce stress. The equivalent sprays, readily available at most pet stores, can also help your puppy accept things like crates and car travel.




How to create a safe space for your puppy

**Feeding frequency**
Feed your puppy 3 or 4 meals a day until they are 6 months old. After this age, you can reduce it to 2 meals a day.

**Nutritional needs of your puppy**
A puppy’s weight may double or even triple during the first few weeks of life. Due to their high activity levels, puppies have nutritional needs that are quite different from adult dogs, requiring more energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. It is very important to feed a life stage-appropriate complete diet, such as puppy food or junior food. Depending on the breed and food you use they will transition to adult food around 9 months - 1 year of age for small and medium breeds, or up to 18 months to 2 years for very large breeds.

**Types of Food**
Both dry and wet food are nutritionally balanced for your dog’s 
Homemade and RAW Diets
Homemade and RAW diets should be used with caution. They can be deficient in vitamins, leading to health problems for your growing puppy. Feeding a RAW diet can also carry bacteria that could lead to illness for your puppy and your family.

**Water**
Fresh drinking water should always be available.

#### What to do if your puppy has diarrhoea or a tummy upset

Many puppies will have some degree of an upset tummy due to stress and changes in diet. To minimise this, we advise keeping your puppy on the same food the breeder gave them for at least the first week before gradually transitioning them to the food you will give them long-term. 

Feeding your new puppy

#### Essential Vaccines
All puppies should be vaccinated against Canine Distemper, Canine Parvovirus, Canine Hepatitis, and usually Leptospirosis. Kennel cough vaccination is also recommended for dogs going to training classes, clubs, or kennels, or where they will meet other dogs.

**Vaccination Schedule**
•	First Vaccination: Can be given from 6 weeks of age.
•	L4 Vaccine: Recommended due to the increasing prevalence of leptospirosis; protects against four types of Leptospirosis.
•	Second Vaccination: Given 3-4 weeks later, when the puppy is at least ten weeks old.
•	Revaccination: Every year.

**Side Effects**
Side effects of vaccination do happen, but serious side effects are extremely rare. Your puppy may be quieter than usual for a day after the vaccine and sore around the injection site.

#### Microchipping
**Legal Requirement**
Microchipping is a legal requirement for all puppies by eight weeks of age. It helps you reunite with your pet if it is stolen or goes missing. Microchipping is a quick, relatively painless injection of a chip the size of a grain of rice in the scruff of the neck.

**Information Stored**
The only information stored on the microchip is a 15-digit number. The registration details you provide are stored on a central database linked to the number. Only registered, official people can access this to contact you if your dog is found. It’s vital you keep your information up to date by contacting the microchip if you move or change your phone number. 

Puppy Vaccinations and Microchipping


#### Pet Insurance
We advise having pet insurance so you don’t have to make treatment decisions based on finances. Carefully check the level and type of cover to ensure it suits your needs.

#### Health Plans
A health plan can complement pet insurance by helping budget for routine costs like parasite treatment, vaccines, and prescriptions. These are often not covered by pet insurance. You can find out more and sign up for our health plan here.

#### Dental Care
**Brushing**
Gold standard dental care involves brushing your dog’s teeth daily using special toothpaste. If started as a puppy, most dogs will tolerate this. Use a finger brush or a soft child’s toothbrush to avoid hurting your pup’s gums.

#### Tail Docking
**Legal Status**
It is illegal to dock puppies' tails unless they are working dogs of certain breeds. Animal Trust does not offer docking services, not even to working dogs. If you have a puppy with a docked tail, they must have a certificate to show it was done legally.

#### Parasite Control
**Worms**
Puppies will pick up worms in the womb and from their mother’s milk. Worms in puppies can be serious. The vet or nurse will advise you of the best product and schedule for worming your puppy in its initial consultation. Depending on the product, a puppy typically needs worming every 2-3 weeks for the first 3 months of life. From 3 – 6 months of age it is usually recommended to worm once per month. 

**Fleas**
Puppies can arrive with fleas or pick them up from other animals. Regular treatment eliminates the problem. Prescription medications are usually more effective than shop products and often also cover other risks like skin and ear mites and ticks. 

Insurance and Health Plans

##Early Exposure
The first part of your puppy’s socialisation period occurs at the breeder’s home between 2 and 8 weeks of age. Your puppy will be more relaxed and confident if they have been exposed to handling, children, visitors, and other animals during this time. The first 4 months of life are a particularly vital time for socialisation.

##Continued Socialisation
Once home, ensure your puppy gets used to gentle handling by multiple people early on. Gentle stroking and providing special treats will make the experience positive for your pup. Meeting as many different people, places, and animals in their first few months as possible will mean they accept far more as they get older.

##Crate Training
Introduce your puppy to any crates or carriers you may need to use at a young age. Leaving one open in the room with comfy bedding, toys, and treats will encourage your puppy to explore it.

## Car Travel
Expose your puppy to car travel at an early age to ensure they feel secure. Short journeys and treats will make the association positive. Many pups will be a little car sick initially, so don’t give up. Keep going and make the experience positive. Most dogs love the car if it means an outing somewhere fun.

## Handling Training
Get your puppy used to handling their feet, ears, and mouth early on to avoid problems if they hurt themselves or need examination by a vet in the future.

## Outdoor Environments
It’s good to get your puppy used to different outdoor environments once their vaccines have taken effect and they can go out and socialise and explore.

Socialising your puppy

If you choose Animal Trust to care for your new puppy, we offer a money-saving starter pack to give your puppy the best start in life while keeping treatment affordable for you. 

It includes:
•	Primary Vaccination Course: Two injections to protect against common diseases.
•	Parasite Treatment: Three months' worth of treatment with Simparica Trio.
•	Additional Wormer: A wormer to cover tapeworms and the roundworm cover provided by Simparica Trio.
•	Microchipping: If your pet still needs to be microchipped.

This package ensures your pet receives the recommended vaccinations, parasite control, and identification to help give it the best start in life. 

Animal Trust Puppy Starter Pack

How to Settle in Your New Puppy

The advantages and disadvantages of neutering  

Thinking of neutering your dog? 

At Animal Trust, we believe that neutering your dog is usually the responsible decision to help safeguard your dog's health and well-being. By neutering your pet early, you can prevent unwanted pregnancies and give them benefits like a significantly lower risk of <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/services/tumour-removal">mammary tumours</a> in female dogs and avoid serious health issues like <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/pyometra-in-dogs">pyometra</a> later in their lives.And you're not only helping your pet live a healthier life but also contributing to the well-being of other animals and reducing the number of unwanted pets in the community. However, the decision isn’t quite a one size fits all and in this article we discuss some of the factors that may affect when to neuter your dog, or indeed whether in some cases neutering isn’t the right decision for them.

Understanding Neutering

Dogs (Male): 
Males with undescended testicles should always be neutered as a high proportion will develop testicular cancer otherwise. For other dogs there are a mix of benefits and disadvantages with neutering, see below. 

Dogs (Female): 
For female dogs, spaying is usually best done 2-3 months post-season, when hormone levels are at their lowest. It is important they are not neutered during their season as the risk of complications is much higher.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of neutering

Advantages and disadvantages of neutering a male dog

Advantages and disadvantages of neutering a female dog

For some large breed (20kg +) like Golden Retrievers, Labradors, and German Shepherds, it is sometimes advised to wait until skeletal maturity before neutering as some studies have shown that early neutering in these breeds may increase the risk of joint disorders and some other conditions later in life. Therefore 18 months old can be a sensible time for neutering but it can be earlier can be done if it is necessary for other reasons. 

In contrast small breeds generally, small breeds do not show the increased risk of joint disorders and can therefore be neutered at a younger age. 

Does the size of my dog affect when I should neuter? 

The vast majority of dogs will not have any adverse effects, however, a 2019 study found that some large breeds such as Irish Setters, Dobermans, Weimaraners, Hungarian Vizslas, and Dalmatians have a higher risk of early-onset urinary incontinence post-neutering. This is particularly so for female dogs and if neutered before 6 months. Therefore, delayed neutering until older is sometimes done in these breeds.

Will my dog be more at risk of urinary incontinence after neutering?

Dogs with anxiety, nervousness, or fear aggression may benefit from being neutered after maturity (12-24 months) or in some cases it may be decided not to neuter at all; however, some dogs with behavioural issues will benefit from neutering as testosterone can increase aggressive behaviour, primarily between male dogs. A hormonal implant, which lowers testosterone levels, may be used before surgical castration to assess potential behavioural changes, as unlike surgery the implant affect is reversible.It’s important to remember that testosterone is not involved in most disobedient behaviours and. hard-wired behaviours like humping and mounting may persist in neutered animals as learned behaviours. Written by <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/pet-advice/authors#dr-mariella-roberts">Dr. Mariella Roberts</a>, Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Trust Vets CIC Published January 2025 | Review date January 2027 This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Does neutering affect a dog's behaviour? 

Should you neuter your dog? 

10 of the Most Common Skin Conditions in Dogs

Our Guide and Advice on Dog Skin Conditions

At Animal Trust, dog skin conditions are one of the main causes of treatment at our clinics. Skin issues are fairly common, and can cause significant discomfort for your pet, from itching to soreness.Skin problems in dogs are more common during the warmer seasons, which is when seasonal allergies (such as those to pollen and plants), insect bites and other allergic symptoms are more likely. It’s important to pay attention to any skin conditions your dog suffers from, even if they appear relatively minor. Skin symptoms in dogs – such as itching, rashes or bald patches, could be an indicator of an underlying cause or health condition that hasn’t already been diagnosed by a vet or vet nurse.A dog’s skin condition can range from mild to severe. Many skin conditions require professional treatment to resolve and keep from getting worse. In fact, when a skin disease is left untreated for a while, the condition can often become complicated and significantly more serious. For example, an allergic reaction may become secondarily infected with bacteria, or a bacterial infection may also become infected with yeast. Some of the most common skin disorders in dogs include bacterial skin infections, environmental allergies and parasite allergies.To help you understand the range of dog skin problems and identify the more obvious symptoms typically associated with each issue (as well as an potential underlying cause), we have summarised 10 of the most common skin conditions in dogs.* This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Skin Problems in Dogs

Itching is one of the most obvious symptoms if your dog has a skin condition, but it’s difficult for pet owners to determine exactly what’s irritating your dog without a full veterinary examination.While it is quite normal for a dog to occasionally itch, just like a person may occasionally scratch their skin, frequent or prolonged itching is a tell-tale sign of something more serious going on.Dogs may try to relieve the itch by rubbing their head against an object or scratching the irritated area with their paws. You may also see your dog licking their paws or other areas of the body to soothe the irritated skin.Other signs suggesting an issue with the skin condition includes the following symptoms:<ul><li>Skin Sores</li><li>Skin sores or skin lesions</li><li>Dry skin/flaky skin/scaly skin</li><li>Rashes</li><li>Lumps</li><li>Redness</li><li>Dandruff</li><li>Bumps</li><li>Intense itching</li><li>Excessive licking</li><li>Excessive scratching</li><li>Hair loss/bald patches</li><li>Hot spots of inflamed skin (also known as acute moist dermatitis)</li></ul>

Symptoms of Dog Skin Conditions

Check your pet regularly to spot any of these symptoms and take note as and when your dog has a reaction. You may find your pet itches specifically after mealtimes, during a particular season or if you’ve recently done any housework, all of which can indicate an underlying skin allergy or atopic dermatitis.If you do notice any behaviour or skin conditions that seem out of the ordinary, it’s important to bring your dog to the vet for a check up. Your local vet nurses and vets will be able to take a look at your dog’s coat, skin and general condition to see what might be causing their discomfort.The more information you can provide (from observing when your pet displays signs of irritation or allergic reactions) the better, so your vet can make a full and accurate diagnosis of an allergy or skin infection. Some of the things to make a note of when you bring your dog to the vet:<ul><li>Information on your dog’s diet – including any recent changes to food or snacks</li><li>The times you notice symptoms – for example, does your dog tend to scratch more in the morning after a walk, or in the evening when they’re in their basket?</li><li>The types of symptoms you’ve noticed – this could include things like a dull coat, hot spots of itching, flaky skin, hair loss, scratching etc.</li><li>Details of any underlying illness – although this won’t apply to healthy dogs, if your dog has been diagnosed with a previous condition, it’s a good idea to bring that up with the vet right from the beginning of your consultation</li></ul>

How to spot a pet with a skin condition

The most common types of dog skin conditions

<a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://animaltrust.euw1.ezyvet.com/external/portal/main/login">Book a free consult with Animal Trust today</a>

Worried about your pet? 

10 Common Dog Skin Conditions

Read about the benefits of castration and spaying, and what the procedures involves

Cat neutering

<a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/services/neutering">Neutering a cat is a surgical procedure</a> that removes specific reproductive organs, preventing the cat from reproducing and reducing breeding-related behaviours. For male cats, the procedure commonly known as castration, while for female cats, it is called spaying. This is one of the most common surgeries in veterinary medicine.

What is neutering?

**Reasons to have your cat neutered** 
Spaying (for females) or castrating (for males) your cat is essential unless you plan to breed from them. This prevents unwanted kittens and can help avoid severe medical issues such as womb cancer or infections. It also reduces the cat's urge to roam outside, which can lead to car accidents, fights, and injuries. Neutered male cats are also less likely to spray urine to mark their territory. 

**When to have your cat neutered** 
The procedure is typically performed when cats are about 5 to 6 months old. However, male cats can be neutered as early as 4 months, especially if they begin spraying in the house.

Why have your cat neutered? And when can you have your cat neutered?

What will happen when your cat is neutered? 

While serious complications are relatively uncommon, they can occur: Swelling around the wound – can occur due to bleeding under the skin, excessive activity, or licking the wound.Wound infection and breakdown – over-licking the wound can cause it to reopen, and exposure to the outside world, especially dirty things like the litter box, can lead to infections.Haemorrhage – cats may experience mild to severe bleeding during or after surgery. This is rarely fatal unless there is another condition, such a blood clotting problem. Blood loss may happen inside the tummy so you may not see it. This can result in your pet being tired and having pale gums.Anaesthetic reactions – any cat, regardless of age, can have a life-threatening reaction to the anaesthetic agents. Although modern drugs are much safer, anaesthetic deaths can still happen.Written by <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/pet-advice/authors#dr-mariella-roberts">Dr. Mariella Roberts</a>, Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Trust Vets CIC | Published January 2025 | Review date January 2027 | This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Complications of neutering

Cat neutering | Animal Trust Vets 

What vaccines does my cat need? 

Cat vaccination

Cats are vulnerable to infectious diseases that can seriously affect their health and welfare. Many are viral infections such as Feline Parvovirus, Leukaemia virus and the Cat Flu virus. To avoid any of these diseases, it is important to vaccinate your cat with a course of primary vaccinations followed by an annual booster. 
 
 
Vaccinations are primarily divided into two categories – core vaccines and lifestyle vaccines. Core vaccines are essential for every cat irrespective of their lifestyle, breed, and region. Lifestyle vaccines are given to cats after considering certain circumstances.

**Feline Parvovirus (also known as Panleukopenia Virus or Feline Infectious Enteritis):** a highly contagious virus that can often be fatal, particularly for young kittens. The most common symptoms are vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, dehydration (even if they keep drinking), loss of appetite and less commonly nervous signs associated with brain damage. 
 
[More information](https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/feline-parvovirus) 
 
 
**Cat Flu Virus (Feline Calicivirus):** causes cat flu (sneezing, nasal discharge, mouth ulcers and excess dribbling). Affected cats may be reluctant to eat and have a fever. Feline Herpes Virus also causes cat flu, fever, sneezing and nasal discharge as well as ulcers on the eye. Chronic infection can result in nasal diseases. 
 
[More information](https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/cat-flu) 

**Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV):** is spread by close contact and can cause cancers, anaemia, vomiting and diarrhoea. This vaccination is highly recommended with any cat that has access to the outside or is in contact with cats that go outside. 
[More information](https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/feline-leukaemia-virus)

Core vaccines for cats

**Rabies:** required for pets travelling abroad. 
 
**Chlamydophila Felis:** a bacteria that causes eye infections and cat flu like symptoms. This vaccination is only usually recommended if your cats have a pre-existing problem with it.

Lifestyle vaccinations

Cat Vaccination Guide

How poor dental hygiene can affect a dog's overall health 

Dental health complications in dogs

Did you know that for your dog poor dental hygiene isn’t just about bad breath and stained teeth? Poor dental hygiene for your dog can lead to serious health complications, which could affect organs like the heart, kidneys and liver. For instance, if left untreated, bacteria from gum disease can spread to other parts of the body, causing infections and chronic pain that can lessen your pet’s quality of life.&nbsp;

<ul><li>Dental abscess &nbsp;</li><li>Tumours in the mouth &nbsp;</li><li>Broken teeth &nbsp;</li><li>Retained baby teeth&nbsp;</li><li>Periodontal disease: a condition that results in bleeding gums, bad breath, and ultimately tooth loss. &nbsp;</li><li>Kidney and liver disease: oral inflammation allows bacteria in the mouth to enter directly into the bloodstream. Once circulating, these bacteria can travel to and establish in other organs, especially the liver and kidneys. &nbsp;</li><li>Loss of weight and appetite: dental issues may cause feeding to become an uncomfortable or even painful process for your dog. As a result, they may be reluctant to open their jaw and chew food properly and may drop food from their mouth while eating. Over time, the reluctance to eat can take a toll on your dog’s body condition, leading to weight loss&nbsp;</li><li>Heart disease: chronic inflammation from periodontal disease can also increase a dog’s risk of heart disease. Circulating bacteria can cause an inflammatory condition known as endocarditis. Studies have also shown that dogs with dental disease have an increased risk of congestive heart failure, a progressive and potentially fatal disease. &nbsp;</li><li>Dental disease complicates diabetes in dogs: inflammation and infection associated with periodontal disease can affect blood-sugar metabolism. &nbsp;</li><li>Pathologic jaw fracture: inflammation also commonly leads to periodontitis, or loss of the supportive, structural tissues surrounding the teeth. When white blood cells attempt to clear accumulating bacteria, the resulting inflammatory process erodes the supporting tissues of the tooth. Over time, this destruction causes structural weakening of the tooth sockets and jaw bones.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Complications arising in dogs from poor dental health 

<ul><li>Daily tooth brushing or at least three times a week with a specially formulated pet toothpaste and toothbrush. Introducing brushing into a pet’s routine may seem daunting, but with a gentle introduction and a little training, it should not be an unpleasant experience for either of you. If you are unsure of how to brush your pet’s teeth, ask your vet for instructions or a demonstration. &nbsp;</li><li>Special diets, chews and toys are also available, and these can help to slow the build-up of plaque. Nevertheless, daily brushing remains the gold standard. &nbsp; Even with good preventive measures at home, most dogs will need a regular scale and polish, just as some people need to visit the dentist more regularly, speak to your vet today, remember <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://animaltrust.euw1.ezyvet.com/external/portal/main/login">consults are FREE at Animal Trust</a>.&nbsp;<a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/services/dental-care">Read about our dental services</a>.</li></ul>Written by <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/pet-advice/authors#dr-mariella-roberts">Dr. Mariella Roberts</a>, Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Trust Vets CIC | Published February 2025 | Review date February 2027 | This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

What you can do to help your pet’s dental hygiene at home

Dental health problems in dogs

Understanding common festive items can cause serious health issues to dogs

Have a Dog-friendly Christmas 

Awareness of the risks of Christmas foods, plants and decorations is important. Many common festive items can cause serious health issues to dogs. Understanding these dangers is the first step in ensuring a safe and happy festive season for the entire family. This article will look at the various hazards associated with Christmas, from toxic foods and plants to hazardous decorations, and provide tips on keeping your dog safe during the celebrations. 

Christmas is a time of celebration, but it also brings a variety of potential hazards to the home for our dogs

Holly Holly is a common shrub with glossy leaves and red berries, often used in Christmas decorations. Both the leaves and berries contain irritants that can affect the mucous membranes. If ingested, common signs of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive drooling, loss of appetite, and depression.Treatment usually involves ensuring the pet stays hydrated and using anti-sickness medication if needed. Pets normally make a full recovery with treatment. Poinsettia The poinsettia, a popular houseplant during Christmas, is known for being toxic, but this is generally not true. Ingestion may cause mild irritation, leading to symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea.Treatment consists of ensuring good hydration. Pets normally make a full recovery with treatment.

Poisonous plants found in the home at Christmas

Chocolate Chocolate contains two types of methylxanthines: theobromine and caffeine. The risk of poisoning depends on the amount ingested, the dog's size, the type of chocolate, and the dog's sensitivity to these compounds. Symptoms of chocolate poisoning usually appear within 4 hours and include vomiting, abdominal tenderness, excessive drooling, increased thirst and urination, excitability, fast heart rate, and incoordination. Severe cases may involve muscle rigidity, tremors, convulsions, and kidney dysfunction.Treatment consists of using anti-sickness medication if ingestion just occurred, activated charcoal to prevent absorption of the poison, adequate hydration, and medications to manage fast heart rate if severe. The prognosis is favourable if treated early Grapes, Currants, Raisins, Sultanas These dried fruits are commonly found in Christmas products like Christmas pudding, fruit cake, and mince pies. Ingestion of raisins, currants, sultanas, or grapes can cause severe symptoms within 6 to 24 hours, including vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive drooling, bloody stools, reduced appetite, weakness, lethargy, and acute kidney failure.Treatment involves emptying the stomach, administering repeated doses of activated charcoal to absorb the poison, aggressive intravenous fluids to promote urination and protect kidney function, and supportive care with necessary medications and repeated blood tests to monitor kidney function. The prognosis is favourable if treatment begins before kidney impairment. If signs of kidney damage are present, the outlook is very guarded.

Poisonous Christmas foods

Christmas trees &amp; decorations Pets can knock over the tree, causing injury or damage. Tree water at the bottom of the tree may contain toxic chemicals or sap. Tinsel, ornaments, and string lights can entice pets but pose serious risks. Tinsel can cause choking and internal blockages if swallowed. Broken ornaments can result in cuts or internal injuries if ingested. String lights can lead to electric shock or internal damage if chewed. Secure decorations out of your pet's reach and supervise any interaction with Christmas decs.Candles Curious pets can easily knock over lit candles, risking burns or starting fires. Always place candles out of reach of pets. Consider using flameless LED candles as a safer alternative to traditional ones.Snow globes Some snow globes contain antifreeze (ethylene glycol), which is highly toxic if ingested. Even a tiny amount can cause severe poisoning, leading to kidney failure and death. Keep snow globes out of reach and consider choosing those without toxic substances. See our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/common-conditions/antifreeze-ethylene-glycol-poisoning-dogs">article on anti-freeze poisoning</a>. Written by <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/pet-advice/authors#dr-mariella-roberts">Dr. Mariella Roberts</a>, Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Trust Vets CIC Published November 2024 | Review date November 2026 This advice is for UK pets only and is not a replacement for seeing a vet

Other hazards in the home at Christmas  

How to have a dog-friendly Christmas 

We will guide you through what to expect, and how to prepare, ensuring you can focus on your pet in their final moments

Understanding what happens during a pet euthanasia appointment

Saying goodbye to a beloved pet is one of the hardest decisions a pet owner can face. Euthanasia can be a compassionate and peaceful way to prevent further suffering when a pet’s quality of life has declined. While the process can feel overwhelming, understanding what happens during a pet euthanasia appointment can help bring clarity and comfort during this emotional time. This article will guide you through what to expect, and how to prepare, ensuring you can focus on your pet in their final moments.

### How to know when it’s time to euthanise a pet
It is always a very hard decision to put your pet to sleep as they are part of the family, this decision can be made by looking at your pet’s quality of life:   

- are they in pain?  
- are they no longer eating and drinking normally?  
- are they no longer going to the toilet normally?  
- are they no longer able to keep themselves clean?  
- has their behaviour changed?  
- how are you coping looking after them?  
- how are they coping overall?  

Depending on what your answers are, if you think this is a sign that your pet is struggling, speak to your vet to see if there are ways to make your pet comfortable or if it is time to say goodbye. 

Making the hard decision

If you decide the time has come, a vet or a nurse will explain the whole process of putting your pet asleep. If your pet is suffering your vet may advise you to euthanise him/her immediately, or if it is not urgent an appointment can be scheduled so that you and your family can spend more time with them before saying goodbye.  

Make time for your entire family to say goodbye. If you have children, explain what's happening in advance to help them prepare for the loss of their friend.   

If your pet is in the hospital, you can come before and during the euthanasia to be with your pet if you wish. 

Preparing to say goodbye  

The actual process of putting a pet to sleep is painless and involves the injection of an anaesthetic overdose. This is usually given into a vein, just as a normal anaesthetic would be. Pets quickly fall asleep and usually pass away while the injection is still being given.  
 
We can place a cannula, usually into the front leg, to make this process as simple and stress-free as possible or administer the anaesthetic. Sometimes, it is hard to get access to a vein, for example, if your pet doesn't like to be held, in such cases we may give a sedation to your pet to help them relax.  

Some pets will not move at all after they have been put to sleep, but it is perfectly normal to see some muscle movement or even something that looks like deep breathes for a few minutes after they have passed away. This is not a sign of life but just automatic muscle movements that can continue for a few minutes after death – it is not a reason for worry or concern. We always make sure that a pet has passed away by feeling the pulse, listening to the heart and checking reflexes.

What to expect during pet euthanasia? 

It is always best to discuss and pay the costs for the whole procedure before so when the moment comes it is possible to concentrate only on your pet.   

Pet euthanasia costs

Pet grieving support resources Here are some resources which you may find useful in coping with the loss of a pet:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.bluecross.org.uk/pet-bereavement-and-pet-loss">Blue Cross Pet Bereavement Support Service</a> (PBSS), Freephone 0800 096 6606</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.pdsa.org.uk/donate/donate-in-memory/remembering-pets/create-entry">PDSA National Collection of Pet Memories</a>, Freephone 0300 3737 226</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.cats.org.uk/what-we-do/grief/paws-to-listen">Cat's Protection Paws to Listen</a> free and confidential grief support service, Freephone 0800 024 94 94 </li></ul>Written by <a target="_self" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.animaltrust.org.uk/pet-advice/authors#dr-mariella-roberts">Dr. Mariella Roberts</a>, Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Trust Vets CIC Published February 2025 | Review date February 2027 This advice is for UK pets only

Coping with the loss of a pet 

What happens during a pet euthanasia appointment? | Animal Trust Vets

Pet Advice | Animal Trust Vets

Get expert pet advice from Animal Trust. Learn about pet care, health tips, nutrition, and more to keep your pet happy and healthy.

Find expert pet advice and tips from Animal Trust.

Expert Pet Advice

All the latest pet health advice to keep your pet healthy and happy.

Dogs

Cats

Rabbits

Small Pets

Older Pets

New Pets

Dogs

Dogs

A quick guide to choosing the right food for your dog

Dogs / Cats

Dogs / Cats

From considering waste from pet food containers to eco-friendly pet healthcare, DIY pet toys to eco-friendly pet exercise

Dogs

Dogs

This guide covers health benefits of grooming, types of grooming, bathing and nail clipping for your dog

Dogs

Dogs

How to care for your pet during the winter

Dogs / Cats

Dogs / Cats

A cat or dog allergy test can be very effective in identifying the underlying cause of allergy symptoms

Rabbits

Rabbits

Feeding Your Rabbit the Right Diet

Cats

Cats

Caring for a Cat in Heat

New Pets

New Pets

How to settle in your new puppy

Dogs

Dogs

The advantages and disadvantages of neutering

Dogs

Dogs

10 of the Most Common Skin Conditions in Dogs

Cats

Cats

Read about the benefits of castration and spaying, and what the procedures involves

Cats

Cats

What vaccines does my cat need?

Dogs

Dogs

How poor dental hygiene can affect a dog's overall health

Dogs

Dogs

Understanding common festive items can cause serious health issues to dogs

Dogs / Cats

Dogs / Cats

We will guide you through what to expect, and how to prepare, ensuring you can focus on your pet in their final moments